Abstract

Opinion

Zoonotic potential of Giardia lamblia and control of giardiasis

Maria Fantinatti*

Published: 07 February, 2019 | Volume 3 - Issue 1 | Pages: 001-004

Giardia is the most common pathogenic intestinal flagellate protozoan in the world. The most studied species is Giardia lamblia (syn. Giardia intestinalis, Giardia duodenalis) that infects mammals, including humans. About the other seven species the scientific literature is very scarce and little is known about its characteristics and epidemiological importance. The exception is Giardia muris species that is frequently used in experimental infection to attempt to understand the parasite-host interaction in G. lamblia infection [1].

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.ivs.1001013 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

References

  1. Cacciò SM, Lalle M, Svärd SG. Host specificity in the Giardia duodenalis species complex. Infect Genet Evol. 2018; 66: 335-345. Ref.: https://goo.gl/w7jr26
  2. Monis PT, Andrews RH, Mayrhofer G, Ey PL. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol Biol Evol. 1999; 16: 1135-1144. Ref.: https://goo.gl/U9C2mg
  3. Thompson RC, Hopkins RM, Homan WL. Nomenclature and genetic groupings of Giardia infecting mammals. Parasitol Today. 2000; 16: 210-213. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Jhp37e
  4. Adam RD. Biology of Giardia lamblia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001; 14: 447-475. Ref.: https://goo.gl/U37gnN
  5. Feng Y, Xiao L. Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011; 24: 110-140. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iMWzi7
  6. Palmer CS, Traub RJ, Robertson ID, Devlin G, Rees R, et al. Determining the zoonotic significance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Australian dogs and cats. Vet. Parasitol. 2008; 154: 142-147. Ref.: https://goo.gl/nKavAa
  7. Read CM, Monis PT, Thompson RC. Discrimination of all genotypes of Giardia duodenalis at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP. Infect Genet Evol. 2004; 4: 125-130. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ubF76T
  8. Traub RJ, Inpankaew T, Reid SA, Sutthikornchai C, Sukthana Y, et al. Transmission cycles of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and humans in Temple communities in Bangkok--a critical evaluation of its prevalence using three diagnostic tests in the field in the absence of a gold standard. Acta Trop. 2009; 111: 125-132. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TwXpZj
  9. Qi M, Xi J, Li J, Wang H, Ning C, et al. Prevalence of Zoonotic Giardia duodenalis Assemblage B and First Identification of Assemblage E in Rabbit Fecal Samples Isolates from Central China. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2015; 62: 810-814. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9U12xU
  10. Du SZ, Zhao GH, Shao JF, Fang YQ, Tian GR, et al. Cryptosporidiumspp, Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoonbieneusi in captive non-human primates in Qinling Mountains. Korean J Parasitol. 2015; 53: 395-402. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ncRDh3
  11. Lebbad M, Mattsson JG, Christensson B, Ljungström B, Backhans A, et al. From mouse to moose: multilocus genotyping of Giardia isolates from various animal species. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 168: 231-239. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4ZSJUC
  12. Fantinatti M, Bello AR, Fernandes O, Da-Cruz AM. Identification of Giardia lamblia assemblage E in humans points to a new anthropozoonotic cycle. J Infect Dis. 2016; 214: 1256-1259. Ref.: https://goo.gl/E5v1G1
  13. Armson A, Yang R, Thompson J, Johnson J, Reid S, et al. Giardia genotypes in pigs in Western Australia: prevalence and association with diarrhea. Exp Parasitol. 2009; 121: 381-383. Ref.: https://goo.gl/B3aW5u
  14. Cardona GA, de Lucio A, Bailo B, Cano L, de Fuentes I2, et al. Unexpected finding of feline-specific Giardia duodenalisassemblage F and Cryptosporidium felis in asymptomatic adult cattle in Northern Spain. Vet Parasitol.2015; 209:258-263. Ref.: https://goo.gl/pL9qvC
  15. Carranza PG, Lujan HD. New insights regarding the biology of Giardia lamblia. Microbes Infect. 2010; 12: 71-80. Ref.: https://goo.gl/CRL7NG
  16. Travaillé E, La Carbona S, Aubert D, Guyot K, Gargala G, et al. Development of qRT-PCR method to assess viability of Giardia intestinalis cysts, and Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Food Control. 2016; 59: 359-365. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Y2vGaN
  17. Baldursson S, Karanis P. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010. Water Res. 2011; 45: 6603-6614. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kMGYxx
  18. Hawash Y. DNA extraction from protozoan oocysts/cysts in feces for diagnostic PCR. Korean J Parasitol. 2014; 52: 263-271. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7Cyy19
  19. Vidal AM, Catapani WR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunoassaying versus microscopy: advantages and drawbacks for diagnosing giardiasis. Sao Paulo Med J. 2005; 123: 282-285. Ref.: https://goo.gl/MEgXcT
  20. Schuurman T, Lankamp P, van Belkum A, Kooistra-Smid M, van Zwet A. Comparison of microscopy, real-time PCR and a rapid immunoassay for the detection of Giardia lamblia in human stool specimens. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007; 13: 1186-1191. Ref.: https://goo.gl/T63z7j
  21. Calderaro A, Gorrini C, Montecchini S, Peruzzi S, Piccolo G, et a. Evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010; 66: 261-267. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DFb8sp
  22. Elsafi SH, Al-Maqati TN, Hussein MI, Adam AA, Hassan MM, et al. Comparison of microscopy, rapid immunoassay, and molecular techniques for the detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasitol Res. 2013; 112: 1641-1646. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7oL3JX
  23. Geurden T, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. Is Giardia a significant pathogen in production animals? Exp Parasitol. 2010; 124:98-106. Ref.: https://goo.gl/g4eBFQ
  24. Walsh F. Human-animal bonds I: the relational significance of companion animals. Fam Process. 2009; 48: 462–480. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mL2HXq
  25. Lalle M, Jimenez-Cardosa E, Cacciò SM, Pozio E. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from human and animal samples from Brazil using beta-giardin gene: a phylogenetic analysis. Acta Trop. 2007; 102: 10-19. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Ej5tRQ
  26. Fantinatti M, Caseca AC, Bello AR, Fernandes O, Da-Cruz AM. The presence of Giardia lamblia assemblage A in dogs suggests an anthropozoonotic cycle of the parasite in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Infect Genet Evol. 2018; 65: 265-269. Ref.: https://goo.gl/633k1t
  27. Ey PL, Bruderer T, Wehrli C, Köhler P. Comparison of genetic groups determined by molecular and immunological analyses of Giardia isolated from animals and humans in Switzerland and Australia. Parasitol Res.1996; 82: 52-60. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2rB3c7
  28. Hopkins RM, Meloni BP, Groth DM, Wetherall JD, Reynoldson JA, et al. Ribosomal RNA sequencing reveals differences between the genotypes of Giardia isolates recovered from humans and dogs living in the same locality. J Parasitol.1997; 83: 44-51. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qPZKF8
  29. Lasek-Nesselquist E, Welch DM, Sogin ML. The identification of a new Giardia duodenalis assemblage in marine vertebrates and a preliminary analysis of G. duodenalis population biology in marine systems. Int J Parasitol. 2010; 40: 1063-1074. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ZE5zMS
  30. Monis PT, Andrews RH, Mayrhofer G, Mackrill J, Kulda J, et al. Novel lineages of Giardia intestinalis identified by genetic analysis of organisms isolated from dogs in Australia. Parasitology.1998; 116: 7-19. Ref.: https://goo.gl/J5VbSj

Similar Articles

Recently Viewed

  • SARS-CoV-2 antibody response to third dose vaccination in a healthy cohort
    Simmi Patel*, Sarah E Wheeler, Adam Anderson, Lisa Pinto and Michael R Shurin Simmi Patel*,Sarah E Wheeler,Adam Anderson,Lisa Pinto,Michael R Shurin. SARS-CoV-2 antibody response to third dose vaccination in a healthy cohort. Insights Clin Cell Immunol. 2022: doi: 10.29328/journal.icci.1001020; 6: 008-013
  • Application of In vitro Reconstructed 3D Biomimetic Tumor Microenvironment Models in Cancer Research
    Yinuo Ma, Zhiyuan Lu, Yili Sun and Jia Li Yinuo Ma,Zhiyuan Lu,Yili Sun,Jia Li. Application of In vitro Reconstructed 3D Biomimetic Tumor Microenvironment Models in Cancer Research. Arch Cancer Sci Ther. 2026: doi: 10.29328/journal.acst.1001051; 10: 16-27
  • Human Poxvirus Infections: Epidemiology, Transmission, and Clinical Features of Major Orthopoxvirus Diseases
    Trisha Chakraborty, Naima Siddiqua, Subrin Shabab Trisa, Syeda Fatima Anwar and Gazi Wafa Akbar* Trisha Chakraborty,Naima Siddiqua,Subrin Shabab Trisa,Syeda Fatima Anwar,Gazi Wafa Akbar*. Human Poxvirus Infections: Epidemiology, Transmission, and Clinical Features of Major Orthopoxvirus Diseases. Int J Clin Microbiol Biochem Technol. 2026: doi: 10.29328/journal.ijcmbt.1001038; 9: 34-39
  • Intravenous Leiomyomatosis of the Uterus with Intracardiac Extension
    Tomas Reyes-del Castillo*, Minerva I Hernandez-Rejon, Jose L Ruiz-Pier, Mario Peñaloza-Guadarrama, Carlos E Merinos-Avila, Cristina Juarez-Cabrera, Pedro A del Valle-Maldonado, Sofia Ley-Tapia and Valentín Gonzalez-Flores Tomas Reyes-del Castillo*,Minerva I Hernandez-Rejon,Jose L Ruiz-Pier,Mario Peñaloza-Guadarrama,Carlos E Merinos-Avila,Cristina Juarez-Cabrera,Pedro A del Valle-Maldonado,Sofia Ley-Tapia,Valentín Gonzalez-Flores. Intravenous Leiomyomatosis of the Uterus with Intracardiac Extension. Arch Vas Med. 2025: doi: 10.29328/journal.avm.1001021; 9: 003-007
  • Nasal cytology in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection: occurrence of atypical lymphocytes
    Arturo Armone Caruso*, Anna Miglietta, Giovanni De Rossi, Liliana Nappi, Veronica Viola, Stefano De Rossi, Salvatore Del Prete, Clara Imperatore, Sabato Leo, Daniele Naviglio, Monica Gallo, Daniela Marasco and Lucia Grumetto Arturo Armone Caruso*, Anna Miglietta, Giovanni De Rossi, Liliana Nappi, Veronica Viola, Stefano De Rossi, Salvatore Del Prete, Clara Imperatore, Sabato Leo, Daniele Naviglio, Monica Gallo, Daniela Marasco, Lucia Grumetto. Nasal cytology in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection: occurrence of atypical lymphocytes. Adv Treat ENT Disord. 2023: doi: 10.29328/journal.ated.1001014; 7: 001-006

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?